Toxicity of bakken crude oil toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Specific gravity is calculated as the ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed. Specific gravity chart fluid temperature deg c specific gravity heptane 25 0. Specific gravity of soil test civil engineering community. The viscosity and the specific gravity of the oil in a sample of athabaska bituminous sand are fundamental physical pro perties of that oil about which it is of. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as a human. As for other liquids, the density of vegetable oils is temperature dependent and decreases in value when temperature increases. The additional data requirements for napls include. Astm d1298 12b2017 standard test method for density. Pdf statistical analysis of the relations between api, specific. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products 1 density, specific gravity, and api gravity density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid. Both density and specific gravity describe mass and may be used to compare different substances.
Most of the production is consumed as salad oil, cooking oil, and margarine. Specific gravity specific gravity is the weight of a volume of liquid compared to an equal volume of water bakken crude oil has a specific gravity of. Physical properties of oil specific gravity the specific gravity of a substance is a comparison of its density to that of water. A total of 8 crude oil samples was investigated for the determination the how affect s% on the api. The definition of specific gravity for gases is somewhat different. The specific gravities of olive cooking oil a, olive cooking oil b and palm cooking oil were found to be 0. Specific gravity this is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of oil to the weight of the same volume of water at a given temperature. Specific gravity is an important tool in the jewelry business. The american petroleum institute gravity, or api gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. Liquids with a density lower than water, which includes most crude oil grades and petroleum products, will have a specific gravity. In most of the cases the reference substance is water for liquids or air for gases. Specific gravity table typical for metals, minerals and ceramics from reade.
This lab is performed to determine the specific gravity of soil by using a pycnometer. Thus, the lighter the liquid that is, the less its specific gravity, the deeper the body. There objective is to separate the mixture into several fractions like naphtha, kerosene, diesel and gas oil. Density of the substance divided by the density of water in same unit as of numerator all the applications of density are those of specific gravity. Specific gravity is also used in determining the supercompressibility multipliers for displacement meters when correcting volume methods for determining specific gravity many different types of instruments are used in the oil and gas industry for determining specific gravity. Oil density is often reported in terms of api gravity. Density specific gravity an overview sciencedirect topics. The american petroleum institute gravity, or api gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a.
Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of unit volume of soil at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gasfree distilled water at a stated temperature. It is an important parameter in soil mechanics for calculation of the weightvolume relationship. And just like kilometers and miles, neither is more accurate than the other. Density specific gravity specific gravity is defined by astm d4439 from volume 04.
Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a volume of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of some substance taken as a standard. See correlations at density of crude oil as function of temperature. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. Determination of the viscosities and specific gravities of the oils in. Specific gravity is the heaviness of a substance compared to that of water, and it is expressed without units. So to get the volume, pour the oil into a graduated cylinder or measuring cup same. The specific gravity of a liquid is the relative weight of that liquid compared to an equal volume of water. By definition distilled water has a specific gravity of 1. The specific gravity of a gas is proportional to the ratio of molecular weight of gas mg to the molecular weight of air 28. Sep 30, 2017 specific gravity of soil test aim of the experiment. Physical properties of oil api gravity american petroleum institute pure water has arbitrary api gravity of 10 light crudes are generally those with an api gravity over 40. Oil is less dense than water, so the specific gravity is less than one.
Specific gravity sp gr measures the ratio of density of the substance to the density of water in a given temperature, i. But in both of the states density or mass, the volume should be same. In the metric system specific gravity is the same as in the english system. Those with an api gravity below 40 are regarded as heavy there is an inverse relationship between api gravity and density. The term specific gravity means density in comparison to that of water. Calculate how much of this gravel is required to attain a specific depth in a cylindrical, quarter cylindrical or in a rectangular shaped aquarium or pond. So any liquid with a density greater than water has a specific gravity greater than 1.
She buys the gold online and wants to know for sure that. Gases are commonly compared with dry air, which has a. The operation of the hydrometer is based on the archimedes principle that a solid suspended in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. The injection gas flow rate for each unloading valve, q gin, is found from the following equation. Simpson, research forest products technologist forest products laboratory, madison, wisconsin introduction knowledge about the density of wood is useful for estimating shipping weights. The volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume. For example, if youve ever taken your car in for service and the mechanic showed you how small plastic balls floated in your transmission fluid, youve seen specific gravity in action. They both can be used to measure the gravity of a fluid, such as hydraulic oil, in the same way that miles or kilometers can both be used to measure distance. Specific gravity and api gravity are both measurements of density. Oil stability index osi the oil stability index osi was determined using a rancimat instrument.
Specific gravity, moisture content, and density relationship for wood william t. It is also used in a variety of prepared foods such as frozen desserts and coffee whiteners. Definition of api gravity of water provided by wikipedia. The density of wood depends on specific gravity and moisture content.
The density of fuel, relative to water, is called specific gravity. Specific gravity of a liquid is the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water at 4 oc. The specific gravity of the liquid used in this case is a volumetric average value calculated from the reservoirs and the completion fluids specific gravities. The specific gravity and density measure mente were performed according to american society for. Pdf the specific gravity of biodiesel fuels and their blend. Oil with the least specific gravity has the highest api gravity. Density specific gravity an overview sciencedirect. Further, in units in which gas oil is not produced, the diesel may be further separated into heavy and light diesel. Accordingly, the data are listed in table 2 and plotted figure 2.
Interpretating a water analysis1 performance chemical. Specific gravity is also used in determining the supercompressibility multipliers for displacement meters when correcting volume. This rugged and reliable meter raises the standard in online specific gravity. Specific gravity is the weight of a volume of liquid compared to an equal volume of water bakken crude oil has a specific gravity of. Density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid. The replacement of these acids with cxs acids increased the specific gravity 25 c25 c from 0. Data were collected from previous works, includingspecific gravity and weight percent of crude oil samples as well as the api and s% of8. Liquids that are lighter than water have a specific gravity less than 1 and those heavier than water have a specific gravity greater than 1. For example, if youve ever taken your car in for service and the mechanic showed you how small plastic balls floated in your transmission fluid, youve seen specific gravity. Soybean oil refined is an ideal ingredient that is easily incorporated in all kinds of cosmetics from rinseoff to leaveon products.
Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information about the concentration of solutions of various materials, or of quality control for polymer materials. Specific gravity of oil calculator convert api to specific. Specific gravity, ratio of the density of a substance to that of a standard substance. Api gravity, biodiesel, blend ratio, fatty acid methyl esters, soybean oil, specific gravity, used cooking oil. The specific volume of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the volume of fluid to the mass of fluid. Jun 03, 2016 specific gravity is nothing but dimensionless density. Edward walker density, the ratio of massvoume, has many applications in the chemical industry. The specific heat determines how much steam or electrical energy it takes to heat oil to a desired temperature. The density of crude oil and liquid hydrocarbons is usually reported in terms of specific gravity sg or relative density, defined as the density of the liquid material at 60f 15. Determining the density, specific gravity and api gravity of the fluid is very important to classify the fuel. Density is a state function and for a pure compound depends on both temperature and pressure and is shown by liquid. Specific gravity, moisture content, and density relationship. What is the weight specific gravity of oil answers. Since specific gravity is a ratio, it has no units.
Applicationspecific measurement and output configurations to ensure simple setup and commissioning our specific gravity meter sgm delivers precision, fastresponse measurements of specific gravity, molecular weight, gas purity, btucalorific value and wobbe index. Overview of crude units crude units are the first units that process petroleum in any refinery. Densities of vegetable oils and fatty acids unl digital commons. This means that the volume of a petroleum liquid increases with increasing. The usual standard of comparison for solids and liquids is water at 4 c 39. Jan 11, 2018 specific gravity is a concept that shows up in a variety of industrial applications, particularly as it relates to fluid dynamics. The value of weight density or specific weight for water is 9. Specific gravity is an expression of density in relation to the density of a standard or reference usually water. As with all unsaturated fats and oils, some porous materials such as rags, paper, insulation or clay when wetted with this product may undergo spontaneous combustion. Use air supplied equipment for fighting interior fires. Methods for determining specific gravity many different types of instruments are used in the oil and gas industry for determining specific gravity. Specific gravity specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of water to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water. Testing and materials astm standard test methods d. The rapidity of oxidation of an oil depends on the degree of unsaturation, the.
A schematic diagram of an atmospheric crude fractionation unit is shown in figure 11. Density of lubricating oil as function of temperature variations in lubricating oil density are shown as function of temperatur, together with volume correction factors. That means it will float on the surface and cleaning crews can concentrate on skimming oil off the water. The specific gravity of oilfield waters ranges from 1. Just like sunflower oil, it is considered a semidrying oil and has a variety of industrial uses. Density, specific gravity, and api gravity on globalspec. Light cycle oil safety data sheet according to regulation ec no. While specific gravity may suffice, the petroleum industry uses another scale api. Diesel fuel volume to weight at different temperatures. Particular oils have known ranges of specific gravity in which the oil is considered to be unadulterated and pure. Specific gravity of common liquids and fluids like alcohol, oils, benzene, water and many more. Lets imagine that julie the jeweler wants to make a piece with a gold ring. Density, specific weight and specific gravity an introduction to density, specific gravity and specific weight formulas with examples.
Not expected to occur evaporation rate ratio of time. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density mass of a unit volume of a substance to the density mass of the same unit volume of a reference substance. Specific gravity readings are measured at precise temperatures and pressures, as temperature and pressure can impact the measurements. Physical properties of oil specific gravitythe specific gravity of a substance is a comparison of its density to that of water. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of unit volume of soil at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gasfree. Pdf specific gravity and api gravity of biodiesel and. This experiment will shows us how to determine api and s. Properties of fluidmass density, specific weight, volume. Specific gravity for oil field waters can be estimated using the. Determination of specific gravity, and api gravity for petroleum products introduction. This also explainswhy crude oil with low s% has a low specific gravity and vice versa. Api gravity calculator crude oil api gravity chart. If the volume does not remain same the specific gravity has no existence then. The relationship between mass and volume is an important aspect of the characterization and specification of both solids.
The soil specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the material to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water. Experiment 4 specific gravity determination purpose. Crude water hen hen desalter sour water furnace steam. Specific gravity is a concept that shows up in a variety of industrial applications, particularly as it relates to fluid dynamics. Soy oil, obtained by solvent extraction, is the dominant vegetable oil worldwide.
The product has a high specific heat in order to ensure good heat transfer from oil cooled engine parts. The composite specific gravity of oil and water mixture can be calculated if. Statistical analysis of the relations between api, specific. For convenience, the following standards are generally used. Specific gravity, and api gravity for petroleum products.
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